The quality and safety of agricultural products are closely related to the health of consumers. The tra- ditional analysis methods for the quality and safety indexes of agricultural products have complex operational procedures and high analytical costs. With the rapid development of spectroscopy and imaging technology, near- infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and hyperspectral imaging technology have been widely used in the rapid non-destructive detection of agricultural product quality and safety. In the paper, the recent advances were summarized for rapid analysis of quality and safety indexes of agricultural products by using spectroscopy and imaging technology. Three aspects of the study were selective analyzed including the application of near-infrared spectroscopy in the internal and external quality and safety detection for fruits, eggs and pepper, Raman spec- troscopy in the detection of pesticide residues, and the application of hyperspectral imaging technology in the determination of nutrient contents of fruit trees.