The ceramic waste materials were processed into ceramic powder and the hydration performance of ceramic powder-cement composite binders under different curing conditions were studied by observing the micromorphology, measuring the chemically combined water content and the alkalinity of pore solution. It was shown that at the same curing conditions, the greater the adding rate of ceramic powder is, the more the chemically combined water content along with the alkalinity of pore solution of the hardened cement paste decreases; when the adding rate of ceramic powder is less than 20%, the earlier high temperature curing can increase the alkalinity of pore solution and has a great impact on the overall hydration degree; the earlier high temperature curing promotes the earlier hydration rate of ceramic powder-cement composite binders, which makes the micro-structure of the hardened cement paste at the prophase of hydration more compact, but it has an inhibitory effect on the improvement of the hydration degree of the later hardened paste. The results provide an experimental basis for further research on the hydration performance of ceramic powder-cement composite binders under early high temperature curing conditions.