Vibration performance of rail vehicles is a crucial factor in ensuring operational safety, enhancing ride comfort, and prolonging component service life. With the rapid development of high-speed railways and urban rail transit systems, continuous increases in train speeds, increasingly complex track environments, and growing demands for intelligent maintenance have brought both challenges and opportunities to vibration performance maintenance technologies. This paper systematically reviewed the latest research progress and future development trends in this field from five key perspectives: vibration performance evaluation standards, vibration performance design and optimization, vibration performance operation and maintenance, vibration performance degradation prediction, and technological advances in remaining useful life assessment. The study indicates that future vibration performance maintenance will place greater emphasis on preventive strategies. Through model prediction and big data analytics, it will achieve fault early warning and proactive intervention, thereby establishing a safer, smarter, more economical, and more efficient safety assurance system for rail transit. This approach will not only improve operational reliability but also provide significant support for the sustainable development of rail transportation systems.