To improve the operational safety of high-speed trains and optimize the wheel reprofiling strategy, this study constructs an iterative model for wheel tread wear based on Archard's wear theory, analyzes the influence patterns of operating speed, friction coefficient, and operating mileage on wear, and explores the influence mechanism of wheel tread wear on train operational performance. The study finds that the wear depth of the wheel tread presents an M-shaped curve within a reprofiling cycle, with wear concentrated in the area around the rolling circle. Increases in operating speed, operation mileage, and friction coefficient all significantly enhance the wear rate, and the width of the wear area shows a non-linear expansion trend. While tread wear has little impact on vertical stability and safety, the nominal equivalent conicity, wheel-axle lateral force, derailment coefficient, and lateral Sperling index all increase significantly with the degree of wear. The research results provide theoretical support for formulating wheel reprofiling cycles and ensuring the safe operation of high-speed trains.