For the welding deformation of rail vehicle thin-plate structures, the traditional flame heating straightening process suffers from issues such as high noise, loose plate body, and unstable straightening effects. This paper proposes the application of a high-frequency induction heat source to the straightening process of vehicle thin-plate structures. Corresponding induction heating power equipment and specialized tooling were designed, and numerical simulations and experimental studies were conducted on the straightening process of the roof and sidewall thin-plate structures. The results indicate that the flatness of the thin plates after induction heating straightening meets the process error requirements. Finally, workshop tests of the induction straightening process for thin-plate structures demonstrated that the induction heat source offers advantages such as a small heating spot diameter, effective plate surface tightening, and no overheating phenomena, which are suitable for correcting welding deformation in vehicle thin-plate structures.