“The Belt and Road” initiative, a national strategy proposed by our country, has profound and far- reaching impacts on all-round development of China. The connectivity of transport infrastructure represents the priority area in pushing forward “the Belt and Road” initiative, while civil aviation transportation plays an im- portant part in this process which necessitates the analysis and recognition for civil aviation transportation mar- ket. In this paper, the indicator system to evaluate importance of civil aviation transportation market was built and the present situation was analyzed based on this indicator. Then, the factor analysis method was adopted to obtain overall scores of market importance. Finally, important civil aviation transportation markets under “the Belt and Road” initiative were identified. The research results show that Indonesia and India play the most sig- nificant role in advancing “the Belt and Road” initiative, followed by Turkey, Singapore, Thailand, Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, the Philippines, United Arab Emirates, Iran, and then South Africa, Vietnam, Poland, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Egypt and Kazakhstan.