Copper matrix composites have serious corrosion issues in complex environments (such as acidic, alkaline, high-salt-spray, high-humidity conditions), but the traditional salt spray tests are time-consuming and cannot effectively simulate diverse corrosive environments. To address this, a rapid evaluation method for interfacial corrosion resistance of copper matrix composites was proposed by adjusting the Al content (0, 1%, 3%, 5%) in the copper alloy and employing electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. In addition, carbon quantum dots (CDs) were added to the corrosive medium to study the enhancement of the corrosion resistance of the adsorbed film. The results show that the alloy containing 5% Al has the best corrosion resistance and the corrosion current density is reduced by about 70%. This study provides a novel strategy for optimizing metal corrosion resistance through compositional adjustment combined with carbon quantum dot strengthening, offering theoretical and technical support for practical applications under complex service conditions.