The manuscript should include the following components in full: Title, Author(s), Author Affiliation(s), Abstract, Keywords, Chinese Library Classification Number, Document Code, Main Text, References, and English Information. Please ensure that no section is missing. (Refer to the “Paper Template” under the Download section on the journal homepage.)

1. Title: The title should not exceed 20 Chinese characters. Subtitles are not allowed. Avoid non-standard abbreviations, symbols, or codes. Generally, do not use commas or enumeration commas in the middle; no period should be placed at the end.

2. Author(s): List all authors in order, separated by “, ”. If authors are from different institutions, use superscript numerals (1, 2, 3…) to indicate affiliations.

3. Author Affiliation(s): Use the official full name of the institution, followed by province, city, and postal code. If there are multiple institutions, list them in the order of the corresponding authors, and match with superscript numerals.

4. Chinese Abstract:

(1) The abstract should include the following elements: Objective, Methods, Results, and Conclusion, and should be 200–300 words in length. Long sentences should be avoided, and the abstract should be written as a single paragraph.

(2) The purpose and specific methods should be stated briefly, while the results, conclusions, and innovations should be described in detail. Avoid vague statements or simply repeating content from the introduction or conclusion.

(3) Write in the third person; avoid using “我们”, “笔者”, or “本文”.

(4) Do not include examples, research procedures, figures, or chemical structures. Avoid self-evaluation.

(5) Citations should generally be avoided in the abstract, except when a reference is necessary to confirm or refute previously published work.

5. Keywords: Provide 3–8 keywords that reflect the main theme, separated by semicolons (；).

6. Chinese Library Classification Number: Refer to the “Guidelines” section on the homepage. If two classification numbers apply, separate them with a semicolon (；).

7. Document Code:

A: Academic papers on theoretical and applied research

B: Practical technical reports, theoretical studies, or social practice summaries

8. Footer on First Page: Include the date of submission, the funding project name, and the project number in the footer area.

9. Main Text: The manuscript should be factual and original, with novel and clearly stated arguments. Supporting evidence must be sufficient and reliable. The language should be fluent and concise. Avoid empty discussion and plagiarism.

Introduction:

The introduction should be structured around the following three parts:

Research Background and Significance: Explain the importance of the research.

Research Progress and Analysis: Summarize the current state of research in the field.

Innovation and Features: Highlight the innovations and distinguishing features of the study.

These section headings (in Chinese: “研究背景与意义”, “研究进展与分析”, “研究创新与特色”) should appear explicitly in the text, followed by their respective content. The writing should be logically organized; avoid listing items without context or explanation.

Headings Within the Text: Headings should be concise and clear, with a limited number of hierarchical levels.

Section Numbering Rules:

1.    Do not exceed three levels of section headings; the introduction is not included in the numbered hierarchy.

2.    Numbering format:

• First-level heading: 1
• Second-level heading: 1.1
• Third-level heading: 1.1.1

3.    Do not use punctuation at the end of headings. Leave one space between the heading number and the title text. Titles should generally not exceed 15 characters.

List Numbering Notes: For sub-lists under any of the three heading levels: Use half brackets like 1), 2) for the first sub-level. Use circled numbers like ①, ② for the second sub-level. Avoid using formats such as “一、(一)、一)”.

10. Author Biography: The author biography should appear following the references. It should include the author's full name, year of birth, gender, ethnicity (Han nationality can be omitted), place of origin, academic degree, professional title, and research field. Please refer to the Manuscript Template for formatting details.

11. Numbers and Units (Including Figures and Tables): For all quantities involving numbers and units, use a space at every thousandth position (starting from the right, every three digits), and also insert a space between the number and the unit. For example: 54 300, 400 200 m.

12. Use of Italic, Upright, and Bold Italic Characters:

(1) Italic: Use italic font for variables, general function symbols, and parameters, such as x, y, functions like g(x), f(y), and parameters a, b, c. Subscripts derived from variables should also be in italics.

(2) Upright: Use upright font for descriptive subscripts derived from text, units of measurement (e.g., m for meter, s for second, Pa for pascal), function names with fixed meanings (e.g., sin, tanh, arccot, exp, lg, ln, e for the base of the natural logarithm), and mathematical operators (e.g., lim, div, grad, d for differential, △ for finite difference, i for the imaginary unit). Abbreviations with specific meanings such as max, def, Re, Im, const, π should also be in upright font.

(3) Bold Italic: Use bold italic font for names of matrices, vectors, tensors, and other vector quantities.

(4) All formulas and mathematical symbols must be typeset using MathType.

13. Figures

(1) Figures must be self-explanatory and appear in the order in which they are cited in the text (figures should follow, not precede, the relevant discussion). Use tables instead of figures whenever possible, and use text instead of tables when feasible. Each figure must be numbered and have a concise caption, which should correspond exactly to its mention in the text. The caption should be centered and placed below the figure. Terms and numerical values in figures must match those used in the main text. Both figure numbers and captions must be provided in Chinese and English. If a main figure contains multiple sub-figures, each sub-figure must be labeled with a Chinese title.

(2) Do not insert data plots, structural diagrams, or flowcharts as JPG, BMP, TIF, or other raster formats into Word. Do not use screenshots or pasted captures. It is preferred to create figures using software such as Origin, CorelDRAW, Excel, AutoCAD, or Visio, and paste them directly into the Word file. Ensure that original data is embedded, and double-clicking the figure in Word should open the corresponding editing software. For MATLAB figures, use the Save As option in the figure window and select EMF format for saving.

(3) The figure size should be smaller than 7.5 cm × 7.5 cm. Figure text (in 9-point Times New Roman), symbols, and axis labels must be clear and accurate. Avoid clutter such as overlapping letters or labels crowding the data lines. In addition to embedding the figures in the manuscript, authors must also provide a separate set of high-quality figures. Line drawings should be submitted in vector format, preferably .EPS or .EMF. Photographic images should be submitted in .TIFF format. Name the figure files using the figure number and caption, and submit them packaged together with the manuscript.

(4) Function plots using Cartesian coordinates should be enclosed in a full border (all four sides). Axis ticks should point inward and be equally spaced, with scale intervals preferably in integers. Axis labels should generally be in the format “quantity/unit”, with a slash separating the two, such as v/(m/s), t/s, p/MPa, ρ/(kg/m³). Physical quantities should be in italics, and units in upright font, conforming to national or international standards. Axis symbols must match those used in the text. The x-axis label should be centered below the x-axis, while the y-axis label should be placed to the left of the y-axis, rotated 90° counterclockwise. Use white backgrounds for all plots. Apart from the x- and y-axis lines, do not include any additional grid lines.

(5) Photographs or grayscale images should be clearly focused, with appropriate contrast and clean edges. The image should indicate direction, if applicable. When magnification or reduction is involved, use scale bars within the image itself rather than indicating magnification by numerical ratios.

14. Tables (referring to data tables):

Use three-line tables, which include a top border above the header row, a bottom border below the header row, and a bottom border at the end of the data. Tables must appear in the order they are cited in the text, i.e., text first, then table. Each table must be numbered and titled with a concise, centered caption placed above the table. Numerical data within the table should be aligned by decimal points. Units (including percentage signs) should not appear in individual data cells but should be included in the column headings instead. Avoid using phrases like “same as above” or “same as left”; instead, repeat the values or use shared column headings where applicable.

Empty cells should be clearly distinguished: A blank cell indicates data not measured or not available; A dash (—) indicates that no such item was found; A zero (0) represents an actual measured value of zero. Example:

表× 我国速冻蔬菜产量

Table× Production of frozen vegetables

15. References:

Only formally published, new, and important references that are actually cited in the main text should be listed. The citation style follows the numerical system, with references numbered consecutively in the order of their first appearance in the text. Citation numbers should be placed in square brackets, as superscripts within the main text, formatted like [1–2], [1–5], or [1–6,9], etc. If the same reference is cited multiple times with different page numbers, please indicate the specific page number (e.g., ^[1]88). For all authors, both Chinese and foreign, the surname should come before the given name, and the surname should be fully spelled in uppercase, while the given name should be abbreviated using initials only. A minimum of 20 references is recommended. Please ensure a balanced ratio between Chinese and English sources. If there are no more than three authors, list all authors. If there are more than three, list the first three followed by “et al.”

Refer to the journal’s Reference Format and Reference Guide.

16. English Content Requirements

(1) The English part of the manuscript must correspond exactly to the Chinese part in terms of content.

(2) For the English title, the first word and the first letter of each major word (i.e., nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs) should be capitalized, while other letters should be in lowercase (this rule also applies to titles in the reference list). For Chinese authors, names should be written in Hanyu Pinyin, with the surname first, followed by the given name. Do not abbreviate. Capitalize the first letter of both surname and given name; the rest should be lowercase. For two-character given names, do not insert a space between them.
Examples: Li Huadong (李华东), Ouyang Qinghua (欧阳清华)

Author affiliations should be written in full formal English, with no abbreviations. Include the city name, postal code, and country after the institution name.

(3) The English abstract should contain information equivalent to that of the Chinese abstract. It typically uses the simple present tense and simple past tense. The simple present tense is used to describe the research objectives, while the simple past tense is used to describe the research content—that is, the findings and conclusions derived from observations, investigations, experiments, or studies conducted at a specific time or period in the past. The use of present perfect, progressive (continuous), and future tenses should be minimized or generally avoided.